In one of the most rugged and least studied areas in the world, researchers have found a massive black coral off the south coast of New Zealand that has been thriving for a staggering 300 years. Reaching heights of over four metres with sprawling roots, this biological phenomenon gives researchers a glimpse into the largely unknown world of the deep ocean. The existence of this finding proves that there is a tremendous amount of research that has yet to be done in understanding these delicate ecosystems and the organisms that live in them. The black coral grows slowly and is a habitat for a wide range of organisms in the deep ocean. Such a finding clearly indicates the pressing need for research and conservation efforts for these species.
Giant black coral in New Zealand’s deep waters reveals centuries of slow growth
The recently discovered coral grows over four metres high, with its branches spread over four metres. However, unlike corals commonly discovered in shallower waters, black corals are invertebrates that are slow-growing and thrive in low light conditions. This makes it quite possible that the newly discovered coral may have been growing undetected in its environment for several centuries.The research team had Professor James Bell of Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington as its leader. He discussed that the specimen he had found is a very rare species since the common black corals in New Zealand do not normally grow beyond two to three meters long.
Ecological role of black corals
However, black corals are much more than just beautiful specimens. The dense, branching structures created from these corals are crucial for providing shelter as well as reproduction grounds for many organisms living deep within the ocean, ranging from invertebrates to young fish. This is particularly the case for large colonies, like the one found, as these help reproduce offspring for quicker regions with slow growth rates.Richard Kinsey, a senior biodiversity ranger with the Department of Conservation in New Zealand, was equally impressed with this discovery: “In almost 20 years diving in Fiordland, I’ve rarely found coral of this size. It is certainly the largest I have ever encountered.”Such corals are a part of the complex ecosystem that thrives in the deep ocean. The biodiversity, although not always noticed, is very significant for the health of the ocean.
Threats to black corals and ongoing conservation efforts in Fiordland
Despite their ecological importance, black corals face numerous threats. Their slow growth and long life span make them very prone to the following physical disturbances:
- Anchoring from boats
- Deployment of fishing gear
- Habitat degradation due to human activity
Protection for the Fiordland Marine Area is partial under the New Zealand Marine Protected Areas Policy, since it aims to protect biodiversity in a variety of ecosystems. Researchers emphasise, though, that protection must be enhanced through effective enforcement, monitoring, and habitat mapping to make sure black corals and such fragile species are conserved. Researchers from Victoria University, along with the Department of Conservation and Fiordland Marine Guardians, have started targeted surveys to identify ecologically important zones. They are calling on divers and local operators to report any black coral sightings over four metres tall to help build accurate distribution data and assess just how common large colonies are within the fiords.
Black corals’ identification, protection, and scientific significance
Even as they are classified as black corals, their actual color in their live form tends to appear pale or white, which can make it difficult for scientists to identify while in the wild. Sometimes, microscopic observation or DNA sequencing has to occur to identify these corals correctly in areas that support several different types of corals.In New Zealand, black corals are protected by the Wildlife Act 1953. It is an offense to take, damage, or possess them, and enforcement is largely left to proactive surveillance by conservation authorities and community reporting.Black corals have a long lifespan and can be used as bio-records, providing information about historical oceanic conditions. This is especially important for scientists studying paleoclimatology because it allows them to analyze historical information about temperature and current levels. In addition to their scientific significance, black corals have been used in the production of jewelry and traditional medication in other parts of the globe such as the Pacific and Mediterranean regions. This also shows how black corals have importance and therefore must be conserved.
